The discovery of exotic matter provides physicists with a glimpse into this strange world of quantum mechanics. Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) are at absolute zero like nothing else. First predicted by Einstein and Bose in 1924 and realized experimentally.
Bose-Einstein Condensates: A Macroscopic Quantum Object A group of atoms with the same energy level that is so close to absolute zero (-273. 15 °C) becomes much more like a single quantum object.
Just below absolute zero, a dilute gas of particles with integer spin (bosons) behaves in a new way entirely. All the atoms then are no longer seen as separate particles; instead they disappear together into one fine quantum state. The net result is an enormous quantum effect where atoms behave as one massive particle–At least for most practical purposes!
Why BECs are so Fascinating BECs bring us back to that strange world of quantum mechanics to which we were first introduced. For example, they allow physicists to observe phenomena like superfluidity wherein a fluid flows without any resistance and quantum vortices which are vortexes of superfluid that contain quantized circulation.
Other Exotic States of Matter: Besides the Bose-Einstein Condensate BECs are one of the most famous examples of exotic matter, but there are certainly other types. Studies into Quantum Gases has turned up further inexplicable forms of matter that are currently beyond explanation in science.
Fermionic Condensates: Fermions (particles with half-integer spin and they observe the Pauli exclusion principle) are known as the basic building blocks of nature. However, they are denied occupancy of one quantum state each spin, so cannot be described or grouped simply into energy levels. Yet at ultralow temperatures, two fermions can pair and then settle down into ground states of composite bosons.
These states are still planets when seen from close up: the bosons so created resemble a BEC. And this state is very important for the study of superconductivity–some materials reach zero electrical resistance ikn conjunction with other properties at low temperature.
Topological Insulators: The same topological effect that makes topological insulators into conductors on their surfaces also makes them ideal poitential. As long as time reversal symmetry is honored, surface states are protected by topologically insulating topologies.
Impurities and distortions are unable to destroy these surface states. Grains’ and domain walls’ sizes may exist beyond any rare thought yet of in earlier superconductivity material mechanism models–back then, “superconducting” meant low superstoffi- length scales like diameter or thickness as if “all distances melted” to zero except for a single cell. The goal is to gain insight by studyig these texture domains with a view towards straighening up your own.
whilst quantum tried to escape control altogether. Trying to turn frequencies of order 10kHz or more Intos uncesianunitylswill inevitably lead to a breakdown since the achievable distance scales are many orders of magnitude smaller than the low frequency wavelengths.
Quantum Spin Liquids：Although disordered, the magnetic moments of atoms are in this substance not aligned as they would be for normal magnets–even at absolute zero. This lack of order gives rise to fractionalized excitations and long-range entanglement: a new view of quantum entanglement. The upshot may be faster quantum computers!
Supersolids：Supersolids are materials which possess the properties of both solidnss (an essentially rigid structure) and superfluidity (zero viscosity). In a supersolid, the atoms are thus arranged in regular crystal lattice. The dual behavior of both liquid and solid allows us to use this substance to study hard condensed matter physics and understand how fluids behave under a whole new set of circumstances.
Future Prospects and Results of Experiments in the physics of social systems-The proposal for several atomic-scale particle physics breakthroughs not only builts the foundation for new armaments and non-military techniques that will serve society in some way but, looking ahead decades later, has considerable potential to bring common peoples tangible benefits. Many-body physics models and quantum field theories now have an earth for them to try out in Experimentally, the atoms in these states might serve as a point of reference for precision measurements (they are exactly right those with an pinpoint ) or even as a simulator for quantum information processing in the future.
But there are an awful lot of questions–to use the same metaphor as was employed in last chapter’s chapters—arising out BECs and other unusual states of matter in experiments undertaken an airy laboratory. One of these is whether all such exotic substances can be tuned to cross some phase of transition. Fortunately, as new experimental techniques advance and fresh materials come into use we are bound to have more surprises. Maybe we’ll find, beyond any we know today, even more tantalizing states of matter from which to learn about the Quantum World; whatever they turn out to be will surely prove a major benefit in the end. The study of these extreme states of matter not only increases human understanding, but is also a source for future technologies.